The following is a list of hormones found in Homo sapiens, human primates.
Name | Abbreviation | Tissue | Cells/Amino acid | Receptor | Target Tissue | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Epinephrine | EPI | adrenal gland | Adrenal medulla / Tyrosine | adrenergic receptor | nearly all tissues | blood pressure, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, etc. |
Melatonin | MT | pineal gland | Pinealocyte / Tryptophan | melatonin receptor | CNS and peripheral tissue | circadian rhythm |
Triiodothyronine | T3 | peripheral tissue of thyroid gland | Thyroid Follicular cell/ Tyrosine | thyroid hormone receptor | nearly every cell in the body | increased metabolism |
Thyroxine | T4 | thyroid gland | Thyroid Follicular cell/ Tyrosine | thyroid hormone receptor | similar effect as T3 but much weaker. Converted to T3 in target cells. |
Eicosanoids are part of a class of paracrine signalling chemicals and hormones.
Name | Abbreviation | Tissue | Cells | Receptor | Target Tissue | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prostaglandins | PG | seminal vesicle | prostaglandin receptor | vasodilation | ||
Leukotrienes | LT | Blood | white blood cells | G protein-coupled receptors | increase vascular permeability | |
Prostacyclin | PGI2 | endothelium | prostacyclin receptor | |||
Thromboxane | TXA2 | Blood | platelets | thromboxane receptor | vasoconstriction, Platelet Aggregation |
Name | Abbreviation | Tissue | Cells | Receptor | Target Tissue | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amylin (or Islet Amyloid Polypeptide) | IAPP | pancreas | pancreatic β-cells | amylin receptor | slowing down gastric emptying, inhibition of digestive secretion, in order to reduce food intake | |
Anti-Müllerian hormone (or Müllerian inhibiting factor or hormone) | AMH | testes | Sertoli cell | AMHR2 | Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary | |
Adiponectin | Acrp30 | adipose tissue | adiponectin receptors | |||
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corticotropin) | ACTH | anterior pituitary | corticotrope | ACTH receptor→ cAMP | synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoidsand androgens) in adrenocortical cells | |
Angiotensinogenand angiotensin | AGT | liver | angiotensin receptor → IP3 | vasoconstrictionrelease of aldosterone from adrenal cortexdipsogen. | ||
Antidiuretic hormone(or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) | ADH | posterior pituitary | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary |
AVPRs, VACM-1 | retention of water in kidneys moderate vasoconstriction Release ACTH in anterior pituitary |
|
Atrial-natriuretic peptide (or atriopeptin) | ANP | heart | ANP receptor→ cGMP | |||
Brain natriuretic peptide | BNP | heart[dubious ] | Cardiac myocytes | NPR | (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats | |
Calcitonin | CT | thyroid gland | parafollicular cell | CT receptor → cAMP | Construct bone, reduce blood Ca2+ | |
Cholecystokinin | CCK | duodenum | CCK receptor | Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas Release of bile from gallbladder Hunger suppressant |
||
Corticotropin-releasing hormone | CRH | hypothalamus | CRF1 → cAMP | Release ACTH from anterior pituitary | ||
Cortistatin | CORT | cerebral cortex | inhibitory neurons | Somatostatin receptor | depression of neuronal activity; induction of slow-wave sleep; reduction of locomotor activity; activation of cation selective currents not responsive to somatostatin | |
Enkephalin | Kidney | Chromaffin cells | Opioid receptor | Regulate pain | ||
Endothelin | Vascular endothelium | Endothelial cells | ET receptor | Smooth muscle contraction of medium-sized vessels | ||
Erythropoietin | EPO | kidney | Extraglomerular mesangial cells | EpoR | Stimulate erythrocyte production | |
Follicle-stimulating hormone | FSH | anterior pituitary | gonadotrope | FSH receptor→ cAMP | In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes | |
Galanin | GAL | central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract | GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3 | modulation and inhibition of action potentialsin neurons | ||
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide | GIP | mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum | K cell | GIPR | Induces insulin secretion | |
Gastrin | GAS | stomach, duodenum | G cell | CCK2 | Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells | |
Ghrelin | stomach | P/D1 cell | ghrelin receptor | Stimulate appetite,secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland | ||
Glucagon | GCG | pancreas | alpha cells | Glucagon receptor → cAMP | glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liverincreases blood glucose level | |
Glucagon-like peptide-1 | GLP1 | ileum | L cells | GLP1R, GLP2R | pancreatic beta cells | Stimulates the adenylyl cyclase pathway, resulting in increased synthesis and release of insulin |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GnRH | hypothalamus | GnRH receptor→ IP3 | Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary. | ||
Growth hormone-releasing hormone | GHRH | hypothalamus | GHRH receptor→ IP3 | Release GH from anterior pituitary | ||
Hepcidin | HAMP | liver | ferroportin | inhibits iron export from cells | ||
Human chorionic gonadotropin | hCG | placenta | syncytiotrophoblastcells | LH receptor → cAMP | promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancyInhibit immune response, towards the human embryo. | |
Human placental lactogen | HPL | placenta | increase production of insulin and IGF-1increase insulin resistance and carbohydrateintolerance | |||
Growth hormone | GH or hGH | anterior pituitary | somatotropes | GH receptor | stimulates growth and cell reproductionRelease Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver | |
Inhibin | testes, ovary, fetus | Sertoli cells of testes granulosa cells of ovary trophoblasts in fetus |
anterior pituitary | Inhibit production of FSH | ||
Insulin | INS | pancreas | beta cells | insulin receptor, IGF-1, IGF-2 | Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysisin liver and muscle from bloodintake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects | |
Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) | IGF | liver | Hepatocytes | insulin receptor, IGF-1 | insulin-like effectsregulate cell growth and development | |
Leptin | LEP | adipose tissue | LEP-R | decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism. | ||
Lipotropin | LPH | anterior pituitary | Corticotropes | lipolysis and steroidogenesis, stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin |
||
Luteinizing hormone | LH | anterior pituitary | gonadotropes | LHR → cAMP | In female: ovulationIn male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone | |
Melanocyte stimulating hormone | MSH or α-MSH | anterior pituitary/pars intermedia | Melanotroph | melanocortin receptor → cAMP | melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair | |
Motilin | MLN | Small intestine | Motilin receptor | stimulates gastric activity | ||
Orexin | hypothalamus | OX1, OX2 | wakefulness and increased energy expenditure, increased appetite | |||
Osteocalcin | OCN | Skeleton | Osteoblasts | Gprc6a | Muscle BrainPancreasTestes | Favors muscle function, memory formation, testosterone synthesis and energy expenditure[1] |
Oxytocin | OXT | posterior pituitary | Magnocellular neurosecretory cells | OXT receptor→ IP3 | release breast milkStimulates contraction of cervix and vagina. Involved in orgasm, trust between people,[2]and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness).[3] | |
Pancreatic polypeptide | Pancreas | PP cells | pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 | Self-regulation of pancreatic secretions (endocrine and exocrine). It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. | ||
Parathyroid hormone | PTH | parathyroid gland | parathyroid chief cell | PTH receptor→ cAMP | increase blood Ca2+:
(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:
|
|
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide | PACAP | multiple | ADCYAP1R1, VIPR1, VIPR2 | Stimulates enterochromaffin-like cells | ||
Prolactin | PRL | anterior pituitary, uterus | lactotrophs of anterior pituitary Decidual cells of uterus |
PRL receptor | milk production in mammary glands sexual gratification after sexual acts |
|
Prolactin releasing hormone | PRH | hypothalamus | Release prolactin from anterior pituitary | |||
Relaxin | RLN | Corpus luteum, Uterus, placenta, and Mammary gland | Decidual cells | RLN receptor | Unclear in humans | |
Renin | Kidney | Juxtaglomerular cells | Activates the renin–angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen | |||
Secretin | SCT | duodenum | S cell | SCT receptor | Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreasand duodenal Brunner’s glandsEnhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice | |
Somatostatin | SRIF | hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system | delta cells in islets Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus |
Somatostatin receptor | Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin(CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide(GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system Lowers rate of gastric emptyingReduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine[4] Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells[5] Inhibit release of glucagon from alpha cells[5] Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas. |
|
Thrombopoietin | TPO | liver, kidney, striated muscle | Myocytes | TPO receptor | megakaryocytes | produce platelets[6] |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) | TSH | anterior pituitary | thyrotropes | Thyrotropin receptor → cAMP | thyroid gland | secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine(T3) |
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | TRH | hypothalamus | Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons | TRHR → IP3 | anterior pituitary | Release thyroid-stimulating hormone(primarily) Stimulate prolactin release |
Vasoactive intestinal peptide | VIP | gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus | Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor | stimulates contractility in the heart, causes vasodilation, increases glycogenolysis, lowers arterial blood pressure and relaxes the smooth muscle of trachea, stomach and gall bladder | ||
Guanylin | GN | gut | guanylate cyclase 2C(heat stable enterotoxin receptor) | regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal epithelia. | ||
Uroguanylin | UGN | renal tissues | guanylate cyclase 2C(heat stable enterotoxin receptor) | regulates electrolyte and water transport in renal epithelia. |
Chemical class | Name | Abbreviation | Tissue | Cells | Receptor | Target Tissue | Effect |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
androgen | Testosterone | testes, ovary | Leydig cells | AR | libido, Anabolic: growth of muscle massand strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair. | ||
androgen | Dehydroepiandrosterone | DHEA | testes, ovary, kidney | Zona fasciculataand Zona reticularis cells of kidney theca cells of ovary Leydig cells of testes |
AR | Virilization, anabolic | |
androgen | Androstenedione | adrenal glands, gonads | AR | Substrate for estrogen | |||
androgen | Dihydrotestosterone | DHT | multiple | AR | 5-DHT or DHT is a male reproductive hormone that targets the prostate gland, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicles, penis and scrotum and promotes growth/mitosis/cell maturation and differentiation. Testosterone is converted to 5-DHT by 5alpha-reductase, usually with in the target tissues of 5-DHT because of the need for high concentrations of 5-dht to produce the physiological effects. | ||
mineralocorticoid | Aldosterone | adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) | MR | Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily)Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney. | |||
estrogen | Estradiol | E2 | females: ovary, males testes | females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell | ER | Females:Structural:
Coagulation:
Fluid balance:
Gastrointestinal tract:
Lung function:
Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8] |
|
estrogen | Estrone | ovary | granulosa cells, Adipocytes | ER | |||
estrogen | Estriol | E3 | placenta | syncytiotrophoblast | ER | ||
glucocorticoid | Cortisol | adrenal cortex (zona fasciculataand zona reticulariscells) | GR | Stimulation of gluconeogenesisInhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive | |||
progestogen | Progesterone | ovary, adrenal glands, placenta(when pregnant) | Granulosa cellstheca cells of ovary | PR | Support pregnancy:[9]
Other:
|
||
secosteroid | Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys | VDR | Active form of vitamin D3Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH | |||
secosteroid | Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) | skin/proximal tubule of kidneys | VDR | Inactive form of vitamin D3 |
References
- ^ Karsenty, Gerard; Olson, Eric N. (2016). “Bone and Muscle Endocrine Functions: Unexpected Paradigms of Inter-organ Communication”. Cell. 164 (6): 1248–1256. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.043. PMC 4797632. PMID 26967290.
- ^ Kosfeld M, Heinrichs M, Zak PJ, Fischbacher U, Fehr E (June 2005). “Oxytocin increases trust in humans”. Nature. 435 (7042): 673–6. doi:10.1038/nature03701. PMID 15931222.
- ^ Scientific American Mind, “Rhythm and Blues”; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft
- ^http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University – Biomedical Hypertextbooks – Somatostatin
- ^ Essentials of Human Physiology by Thomas M. Nosek. Section 5/5ch4/s5ch4_17.
- ^ Kaushansky K (May 2006). “Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors”. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (19): 2034–45. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052706. PMID 16687716.
- ^ Massaro D, Massaro GD (2004). “Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice”. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 287 (6): L1154–9. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00228.2004. PMID 15298854.
- ^ Pentikäinen V, Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L (2000). “Estradiol acts as a germ cell survival factor in the human testis in vitro”. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (5): 2057–67. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.5.6600. PMID 10843196.
- ^ Placental Hormones
- ^ Essentials of Human Physiology by Thomas M. Nosek. Section 5/5ch9/s5ch9_13.
- ^ Hould F, Fried G, Fazekas A, Tremblay S, Mersereau W (1988). “Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility”. J Surg Res. 45 (6): 505–12. doi:10.1016/0022-4804(88)90137-0. PMID 3184927.
NB. Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. For example, current North American and international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek digraph in oestrogen and favors the earlier spelling gonadotrophin (from trophē ‘nourishment, sustenance’ rather than tropē ‘turning, change’)